Sunday, December 24, 2017

Of course Christmas is inefficient, it's why we love it

Who'd can Christmas?

A few years back the Australia Institute produced research suggesting that as many as 6 million of us get gifts we don't want and sometimes give away.

Worse still, the gift givers know it. One in four said they knew that at least some of their gifts would end up wasted.

There were "millions of unused foot spas", as much as $800 million in waste, according to the institute's Richard Denniss, who's still at it. His new book, Curing Affluenza, is built around the proposition that we buy too many things. My colleague, Ross Gittins, picked up on his ideas this week.

The idea that this is wrong was made famous in one of the most downloaded economic papers of all time. It's called The Deadweight Loss of Christmas. It says the best gift a giver can buy with, say, $20, is exactly the one the recipient would have bought for him or herself. Because the giver usually won't hit that target, the gift he or she does give will nearly always leave the recipient worse off than if he or she had just been given the cash and spent it on his or herself.

It's an old idea.

In the late 1800s George Bernard Shaw raged against the notion that "we must be drunken because it is Christmas, we must be insincerely generous; we must buy things that nobody wants and give them to people we don't like". All because businesses "depend on a week of licence and brigandage, waste and intemperance, to clear off their outstanding liabilities at the end of the year."

But Denniss, Shaw, Gittins, and also the late Christopher Hitchens who declared that his life's ambition was "to write an anti-Christmas column that becomes fiercer every year", miss the point. Christmas isn't about avoiding waste. That's what the rest of the year is for. It's about celebrating waste, just once a year, in order to be truly human.

Real life economists have little time for The Deadweight Loss of Christmas. Asked whether giving presents is inefficient, an overwhelming majority say no. In the US, when the question was asked of Nobel Prize winners and fellows of the American Economics Association, only 17 per cent said yes. Fifty four per cent said no, among them this year's Nobel Prize winner Richard Thaler, who replied: "To test theory, try a cash gift next Valentine's day."

Australian economists are even less enamoured of it: 17 per cent agree, and 73 per cent disagree. "Gifts can be useless, but the institution of gift-giving may be very valuable," says one. "Through choosing a gift, the giver demonstrates an understanding of the interests and needs of the recipient, thereby indicating regard, perhaps even love," says another. "It ignores the benefit the buyer can get from putting thought into buying a personal gift, and the benefit the receiver gets from knowing that," writes another.

Splurging, wastefully, is empowering – all the more so if you don't have the money to do it. The poorest of the world's people splurge on special occasions in order to remind themselves that life's worth living. In A Christmas Carol, Bob Cratchit earns just 15 bob a week, but he buys presents for his children to show that he can.

Presents are all about symbolism, as is Christmas itself. It has little to do with Christ, especially these days. It's the one time of the year when friends and family can be certain they can get together, about the only one the Fair Work Commission still regards as sacrosanct.

In Australia, it symbolises the end of the working year, the beginning of the holidays, the beginning of summer. It's the one time of the year we can show ourselves to be our best, to truly value our fellow humans. It's precious. Make the most of it.

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald
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Monday, December 18, 2017

MYEFO. Nowhere near enough to fund tax cuts

Scott Morrison wants you believe the budget's strong enough to fund tax cuts.

It isn't, and the update makes that clear.

As it is required to do, it spells out the stated aim of the budget - what the Coalition has pledged to achieve since its election - on page 31.

The aim is to "deliver sustainable budget surpluses, building to at least 1 per cent of GDP, as soon as possible, consistent with the medium-term fiscal strategy".

That's a surplus of 1 per cent of gross domestic product, as soon as possible, consistent with quality spending and economic growth.

After a boost to the budget of about $10 billion over four years, what has it been left with?

A budget surplus of just one half of one per cent of GDP by the end of the four year projection period.

It's an improvement. The May budget pencilled in 0.4 per cent. But it's nothing like the 1 per cent of GDP the Coalition itself adopted as a target to be reached "as soon as possible". And beyond those four years the graph in the update shows the surplus staying put at half a per cent of GDP right out to 2027.

Weakening that budget position by giving some of it away, as the Prime Minister and Treasurer are hinting they will in next May's budget, would be a further abrogation of a pledge the Coalition hasn't come near fulfilling ever since it made it in 2014.

Improving the budget, certainly improving it by the billions that would be needed to fund reasonable tax cuts, is hard. Almost all of the $10 billion improvement this time came came from (generally mining-related) higher company profits and superannuation earnings, as well as lower than expected payments to Australians who are out of work. Government actions improved the outlook by about half a billion. It won't be enough.

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald

 

Fresh push for company tax cuts as economy lifts budget $10 billion

Treasurer Scott Morrison has signalled a fresh push to get the government's $50 billion package of company tax cuts through the Senate, saying that US President Trump is forcing his hand and that the changing composition of the Senate gives him a chance.

Higher than expected company tax receipts helped improve the budget position by $10 billion in the update released on Monday, improving the outlook for 2017-18 by $5.8 billion.

"The Trump tax cuts are coming," Mr Morrison told a Parliament House press conference. Allowing Australian rates to stay high while others fell would kill the goose that laid "the golden egg".

Australia's Senate has passed only $24 billion of the government's $50 billion package of company tax cuts, cutting the 30 per cent rate for small businesses but not for big ones. President Trump is within days of cutting the US rate to 21 per cent.

"When you have the United Kingdom going down to 17 per cent and many jurisdictions, even France now going to 25 per cent, we can't leave Australian workers behind," Finance Minister Mathias Cormann told the press conference.

"The future of job security and the future career prospects and wages growth of Australian workers depend on the Senate passing the government's company tax cut."

The government needs the support of 10 crossbench senators. Resignations and disqualifications since the July 2016 election mean that next year six of them will be new.

Senator Cormann said the $10 billion boost was so big that after this financial year the government would no longer need to borrow to fund day-to-day business.

"That's a year earlier than anticipated at the time of the budget," he said. It would be the first time since the global financial crisis.

The fastest jobs growth in decades meant less was being paid out in Newstart and other benefits. Measures taken in the Coalition's first budget to slow the growth in welfare payments were bearing fruit.

Key measures in the budget update include longer waiting times before newly arrived migrants can access payments, including paid parental leave and family tax benefits.

From July 2018, the two-year waiting period for these payments will be extended to three, though some exemptions will apply for vulnerable groups and New Zealand citizens living in Australia. The measures will save $1.2 billion.

Savings from the university sector of $2.8 billion have been dumped after being blocked by the Senate. Instead, a series of measures including a freeze on Commonwealth payments to universities will deliver a net saving of $2.1 billion.

And $400 million will be saved over four years by withholding family tax benefit lump sums from people who have outstanding social security debts.

In what Victoria's treasurer Tim Pallas is describing as a slight, the update cuts Victoria's share of infrastructure funding from 10.3 per cent to 9.4 per cent. Victoria has 26 per cent of Australia's population, and 37 per cent of Australia's population growth. The NSW's share has climbed from 44.6 per cent to a mammoth 45.5 per cent. 

"The Prime Minister of Sydney has struck again," Mr Pallas said. "He continues to shortchange Victorians, while sending more money to his home state of NSW."

The update forecasts wage growth of just 2.25 per cent this year, down from the 2.5 per cent predicted in May. It forecasts 2.75 per cent in 2018-19, down from 3 per cent.

Offsetting this, the government is expecting better than previously forecast employment growth, with the unemployment rate expected to be 5.5 per cent by June 2018, followed by near full employment of 5.25 per cent in mid 2019.

The economic growth forecast has been shaved by a quarter of a per cent, down from 2.75 to 2.5 per cent. Consumer spending is forecast to grow by 2.5 per cent rather than 2.75 per cent.

"We had much lower-than-expected consumption growth in the September quarter, just 0.1 per cent, said Mr Morrison. "There was, rightly, a lot of concern about what was happening with household living costs. That's why the National Energy Guarantee and other measures have been put in place. We would hope to see  better consumption figures going forward."

Even so, the growth was forecast to climb to 3 per cent in 2018-19 on the back of a lift in private and public sector investment, both of which hade been revised higher.

Shadow treasurer Chris Bowen said he was happy to debate taxes with Mr Morrison because his priorities were "all wrong." 

"The reason the budget is still such a mess is because Malcolm Turnbull and Scott Morrison continued to shower the biggest tax concessions on the people in our community, the millionaires and multinationals, who need tax breaks least, as well as jacking up taxes on people who work in middle Australia," he said. 

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald
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Thursday, December 14, 2017

The jobs boom is real. Government can take the credit

The Bureau of Statistics has produced some shockers – wildly inaccurate employment statistics it has had to disown. But not this time.

An apparent employment surge in one month might be a statistical fluke, the result of a dodgy sample or flawed bad seasonal adjustment. But not a near-record surge that goes on for month after month, 14 of them in a row.

Over the past year a near-record 383,300 more Australians have been funnelled into employment, all but 87,700 of them full-time. In the past month (acknowledging the usual caveat) 61,600 were funnelled into work, all but 19,700 of them full-time.

We won't get the detailed breakdown until next week, but a look at the latest detailed breakdown we do have, for the year to August, shows that almost all of the jump in employment of 324,900 was in two industries: 'healthcare and social assistance' (130,600) and construction (104,400).

On Monday, Victorian Treasurer Tim Pallas said the state was in the midst of a construction boom not seen since Premier Henry Bolte in the 1960s and 1970s. It's getting hard to find the right workers and hard to find steel and cement.

Much of it is the result of government road and rail projects, as in NSW. Much of that is due to the previous Australian treasurer Joe Hockey, who in 2014 awarded incentive payments to states that "recycled assets", selling roads and other things they owned in order to build new ones. Victoria and NSW started early, recycling some of their assets before the Commonwealth incentives.They made use of the riches that had been flooding in to their treasuries as Sydney and Melbourne property prices pushed stamp duty takings sky high.

Once it was thought that government investment "crowded out" the private sector. Not at the moment. It's because of the government investment programs that the private sector is investing too, building projects on contract, handing them over to state governments (which will later sell them) and then starting on the next one. The known pipeline stretches out beyond 2027.

It's not the same as widespread employment growth (employment in the finance sector and in administration went backwards) but it's worth having.

It's centred around Melbourne. More than half of those 61,600 extra workers found their jobs in Victoria. Over the past year more than one-third found their jobs in Victoria, 35 per cent when measured on a trend basis. Thirty per cent found their jobs in NSW.

Population figures also released on Thursday show Australians and foreigners pouring in to Victoria. In the past year its population has swelled 2.3 per cent. The rest of the country's has swelled 1.4 per cent.

Victoria's employment growth, as well as Australia's, reflects much more than more people. In the past year its employment-to-population ratio has climbed from 61.8 to 62.5 per cent. The NSW rate has climbed from 60.4 to 61.3 and the national rate from 61 to 61.9 per cent.

But Victoria's faster population growth has left it with a higher unemployment rate than NSW; 5.5 per cent instead of 4.6 per cent.

So good is that NSW 4.6 per cent figure, that Commonwealth Securities senior economist Ryan Felsman says it could be effectively considered "full employment". It's rare for an unemployment rate to stay below 5 per cent for long.

Australia's national rate is 5.4 per cent, heading down into territory not seen since the Gillard government and the second of Australia's two big mining booms.

Malcolm Turnbull is wrong to say that what's happening is "a direct result" of his government's policies, just as Gillard and John Howard were wrong to say that the earlier mining-related jobs booms were a result of their policies. But he might be more right than they were. What we are seeing is in large measure a government-related jobs boom. Turnbull and his Treasurer Scott Morrison owe Hockey a lot.

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald
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Low wage rises have become routine. Here's why

An entire year without a pay rise? Prepare for another one, next year.

Wage rises used to be an annual phenomenon. The Bureau of Statistics says on average we got one every year. But since 2012 the length of time between them has almost doubled. The average has become once every 1.75 years. For every person that gets a wage rise more often than that, there will be someone who gets one less often.

And when the increases are delivered, they are smaller. If you get one after waiting almost two years, it is more likely to be 2 per cent than the average of 3.6 per cent that prevailed when they were handed out annually.

Back then three in 10 wage rises exceeded 4 per cent. Now it's less than one in 10. And the wage rises that are over 4 per cent are smaller: typically 5.75 per cent, down from 7.5 per cent.

It's an understatement to say it's caught the experts unawares. The employment minister has an entire department to proffer advice. Within months of taking office in as Tony Abbott's employment minister, Eric Abetz warned of a wages explosion. In Abbott's first budget and his next, and in Turnbull's first budget and his next, the Treasury forecast a wages takeoff. Not only did wage growth not climb as forecast, it fell further in each of those four years despite repeated predictions to the contrary.

And it did something remarkable. It's not unusual for the budget to forecast one thing and for reality to deliver another. A lot can happen over two years. But it is highly unusual for the budget to forecast the present and get it wrong.

The budget is delivered each May. The budget forecasts are finalised a few weeks earlier. The forecasts for the wage growth cover the year ahead to the next June quarter, and the year to the June quarter after that. As a point of reference, they also include a forecast of growth in the year to the present June quarter, the one the budget is in. In other words, they forecast the present.

Extraordinarily, in three of past five years the budget has got the present wrong. Wage growth was lower than the printed forecast, even while the forecast was being printed.

So concerned has been Treasurer Scott Morrison that he ordered a special report from the Treasury, one released only this month after Labor submitted a freedom of information request. It says while wage growth has dived in the mining industry (as would be expected, after the boom) it has also plunged everywhere else, as well as overseas. The dive can't be explained by lower productivity growth. It's been pretty stable at about its long-term average for the past five years meaning employers are getting as much extra out of workers as they used to.

Nor can it be fully explained by low inflation. There's scarcely any so-called "real" growth, above inflation.

And it certainly can't be explained by a low demand for workers.

Employers took on an astonishing 355,700 extra workers in the year to October, close to an all-time record. In the past three years they've taken on 766,000.

But the kind of jobs they are offering is changing. Bricklayers, machinery operators and retail workers typically perform "routine" tasks, no matter how skilled. In contrast, much of the work of nurses, engineers, managers and security guards is non-routine. They have to respond to emergencies.

The Treasury says automation and competition from overseas is eating away at routine jobs, both blue collar and white collar, especially those enjoyed by middle-income workers. It's the non-routine ones that are growing.

Some are highly paid. Others, such as security work and child care, are very poorly paid.

And we've produced so many university graduates that they are no longer protected. Until 2010, graduates got bigger wage rises than school leavers. Since 2010 their wage rises have been lower. And they are doing work below what used to be their station, in jobs that are increasingly just as under threat as other jobs.

It helps to work for a company whose workers are highly productive (which usually means a company that doesn't employ many workers or is growing rapidly). But don't expect to share in much of what it makes. The Treasury found that although workers in Australia's most productive companies typically produced 7.1 times as much as other workers, they were typically paid only 1.6 times as much.

Some of it is due to the fading power of trade unions. As recently as 1980, half of all Australian workers were in unions. By the time John Howard took office in 1996, it was 31 per cent. After years of measures aimed at promoting individual rather than collective bargaining (remember WorkChoices) it has slipped to 15 per cent. Not that it's all Howard's doing. Much of it is due to the rise in non-routine jobs. They've always been less unionised.

What can you hope for next year? One Monday the Treasury will release its mid year budget update. It's likely to forecast a pickup, like it usually does.

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald
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Monday, December 11, 2017

Mega projects mean shortages, Treasurer says

So big is Melbourne's infrastructure boom that Treasurer Tim Pallas fears Victoria will run low on the specialist skills and resources such as gravel needed to make it happen.

"We've known for a while that the technical and the specialist skills required for transport projects, particularly rail projects, have been hard to get," he told The Age. "The more projects you start the harder it gets. We've only a handful of rail signallers in the entire state to manage not only the existing network but also the upgrades planned and under way.

"That's just one illustration. We are also hearing of shortages in project management, finishing trades, commercial advisory skills, industry analysis, systems engineering and tunnelling. For high-end skills, it's obvious, but its also a problem for entry-level skills."

"Only on Friday I was meeting with the extractive industries representative body, and everybody around that table was saying there is so much demand for raw materials, quarry materials, cement and sand and so on that suppliers are choosing which jobs they bid on.

"You've got to expect pressure on price."

Mr Pallas said that at $9.6 billion per year, Victoria's infrastructure spending program was unprecedented. As a proportion of the state budget it was the biggest since that of the Bolte Liberal government in the 1960s and 1970s that began construction of the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop.

Victoria's $9.6 billion per year program was in competition for resources with the NSW $12.1 billion per year program, also the biggest on record. Other big projects in Queensland and New Zealand meant that the market for skills along the east coast was tightening, as it had in Western Australia during the mining construction boom.

"We are having to get people from further away and pay them more than we thought," Mr Pallas said. "Ultimately we have to pay what the market is prepared to offer."

"Look at what happened with Sydney's Westconnex. The entire industry in NSW put in one single consolidated bid that put the state government at a disadvantage. Here, we are facing the same sort of thing with the North East Link. You can only bring so many people in from interstate. You get to a point where you hit bedrock in terms of imported skills."

Mr Pallas said it wasn't yet clear that the pressure on skills and resources would delay or push up the price of any of the major projects.

"We are not seeing substantial blowouts. The Melbourne Metro should be on time, we are pretty confident about that," he said.

The government's Major Projects Skills Guarantee ensured that at least 10 per cent of the work on major projects was undertaken by apprentices, trainees or engineering graduates.

"There are plenty of young people looking for work," Mr Pallas said. "Youth unemployment is still 13 per cent. But what we don't have is a skills base. We need to demonstrate to industry that this pipeline of work is here to stay, that it's not 'here today, gone tomorrow'. We need to make it clear that we are building to a plateau of projects, not a peak."

Asked why Victoria didn't simply proceed with fewer major projects so that it wasn't competing with itself for resources, Mr Pallas said that if it did, the resources would go to NSW.

"In my own electorate of Werribee we get 100 kids born every week. That's a primary school every seven weeks. You don't get a choice about these things," he said.

"There is a capacity across this nation that will either get spent here or somewhere else. We are in something of a war for resources. If I were to say we starting to get nervous about this, it wouldn't be clear we had the pipeline of work and the resources would go elsewhere."

Melbourne had an advantage over Sydney in attracting workers because its housing costs were 20 to 25 per cent lower. A guaranteed pipeline of work was attracting former mining construction workers from Western Australia.

"The pace is a bit frightening, but it's also a bit thrilling," Mr Pallas said. The buzz and the congestion we are getting on our rail and road network is a direct consequence of all the work we are doing, and also all the work private firms are doing as a consequence. It is building on itself."

"We've got problems but they are problems I would prefer to have than those associated with the downturn and malaise Victoria had just four years ago. In February 2013 your newspaper declared that the state was at a standstill. We've gone to the other extreme."

"From my perspective I can't take my foot off the accelerator at a time when the community is demanding improvements in their material circumstances."

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald
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Private schools get 100% of needs from Gonski 2.0

Catholic and independent private schools are set to get more than 100 per cent of their needs from governments under the Turnbull government's new 'Gonski 2.0' plan, official documents released under freedom of information show.

Obtained by the Australian Education Union and processed by the convenor of the Save Our Schools campaign, Trevor Cobbold, the Education Department documents spell out the the amount of government funding expected for each school sector in each state in 2018.

In the ACT, Gonski 2.0 will see ACT public schools funded at 117 per cent of the so-called schools resourcing standard from governments, the highest rate in Australia and making the territory one of only two jurisdictions receiving more than 100 per cent. 

Independent schools will receive 113 per cent of the standard, while Catholic schools will receive 102 per cent. 

Currently nine private schools in the ACT receive more than 100 per cent of the standard from the Commonwealth and territory governments, dropping to 14 schools in 2018. 

 By 2027 when the Gonski arrangements are fully implemented the total will be 15 schools. 

In NSW 110 private schools are expected to receive more than 100 per cent of the so-called schools resourcing standard from governments, up from 65 schools in 2017. By 2027 when the Gonski arrangements are fully implements, 212 private schools will receive more than their total needs from governments.

In Victoria, 38 private schools will receive more than the resourcing standard from governments, up from 33 in 2017. When Gonski 2.0 is fully implemented 74 will receive more than all their needs from governments.

The Gonski 2.0 package will eventually give each private school 80 per cent of the resourcing standard in Commonwealth grants. It will give public schools 20 per cent of the standard.

Since the creation of the freedom of information documents, South Australia has promised to boost funding for the entire Catholic and independent school sectors from 19.7 per cent to 22 per cent of the resourcing standard.

The Gonski 2.0 formula will result in a loss of income for some very well funded private schools, but will increase the number of overfunded private schools.

In most states public schools are funded at less than 80 per cent of the resources standard by the governments that operate them, meaning that Gonski 2.0 lifts Commonwealth funding to 20 per cent they will continue to get less than 100 per cent of the standard. NSW public schools would get 91 of the standard, Victorian schools would get 86 per cent.

The private sector would get 107 per cent of the standard in NSW and about 100 per cent in Victoria, according to Mr Cobbold's calculations.

"Gonski 2.0 is the best special deal that private schools have ever had," he said. "The overfunding will cost taxpayers many millions of dollars over the next decade and will divert funds from where they are most needed."

"No funding model that increases the number of overfunded private schools while failing to adequately support public schools can be considered fair. Public schools enrol the bulk of disadvantaged students."

Education Minister Simon Birmingham said states were free to boost funding to their own schools and cut funding to private schools.

"Our reforms are a line in the sand for the cost-shifting and blame game," he said.

"Our plan means every student will get their fair and consistently calculated share of federal support. The new independent National School Resourcing Board will ensure education authorities are held to account for the way they administer federal taxpayer investment."

Gonski 2.0 increases Commonwealth funding for both public and private schools. The legislation sets an "ambition" that state and territory governments fund at least 75 per cent of the resource standard of their own schools, taking the total funding under Gonski 2.0 to at least 95 per cent.

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald
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Sunday, December 10, 2017

Olympics Bettered. The benefits of same sex marriage

How on earth could same-sex marriage deliver 10 years' worth of economic benefits? And why on earth do 18 of Australia's leading economists expect it to?

The experts were surveyed this week by the Economic Society of Australia. Thirty answered this question: "Will changing the law to allow same-sex couples to marry generate net economic benefits for the nation as a whole over the next 10 years?"

Eighteen thought it would. Only seven thought it would not.

Almost always whenever someone claims something will benefit the economy they are wrong. Look at a graph of GDP either side of the Sydney Olympics and you won't see anything other than a drop in GDP during the Games. Tourism flatlined then fell after the Games. It didn't start growing strongly again until 2004. Even the Olympic Stadium, which we were told would be a lasting legacy, is, according to the premier, so clapped out it ought to be torn down.

KPMG, which wanted work associated with the Games, produced a much-hyped study for the NSW government saying the Olympics would boost economy growth by $7 billion. A decade later, an examination of what actually happened found it had clipped economic growth. Like countless expressways, stadiums and mega projects before and after it, it had cost more to create than it could ever produce in benefits.

One of the reasons the spruikers almost always get it wrong is that they add up the costs of the project (that's the easy bit) and then subtract them from the project's benefits. For sports events, those benefits include extra spending as people pour into Olympic Park or into Melbourne Park for the tennis. What the spruikers forget, often, is that the people who spend at big events would have spent something anyway, perhaps in their own suburb or at another sporting event or at the theatre. They forget to subtract the spending that won't be done in order that the spending at the big event can be done.

It's a trap for people expecting benefits from same-sex weddings. Professor Kevin Davis from Monash University put it this way in response to the Economic Society survey: "There may be more expenditure on weddings etc, but there is no obvious reason this would not be at the expense of other expenditures."

There can be a localised benefit in a country town. A really big wedding or special event can draw people into the town who never would have spent there. But the gain to that town will be a loss to the region or town from which those people have come.

So why are the experts so sure there will be benefits from permitting same-sex marriage?

Partly, because it's cheap. Passing a law costs nothing compared to building a stadium.

And partly because there will necessarily be benefits.

Here's how Lin Crase of the La Trobe University puts it: "Constraints that impinge on individuals' full participation in society necessarily reduce economic welfare. It follows that removal of those constraints should lead to some gains."

This would be true even for people in same sex relationships who decided not to take advantage of the opportunity to marry.

Professor Mardi Dungey of the University of Tasmania says that when we remove impediments to improving people's ability to satisfy their wants, with no material harm to others, we necessarily improve people's welfare.

And Curtin University's Professor Margaret Nowak identifies broader benefits: reduced health costs, especially in the area of mental health, reduced suicide rates among youth, and reduced discrimination in the workforce "resulting in more optimal allocation of workers".

For what it's worth, married couples also spend more. Dr Gigi Foster from the University of NSW says married heterosexual couples invest more in the kind of things that shacked-up couples don't. And she says something else.

Legalising same-sex marriage will allow politicians and the public to move on and focus on other things that could produce further economic benefits. There's a chance.

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald
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Thursday, December 07, 2017

Now they can afford a tax cut?

So now they can afford a tax cut?

Just months ago, in the May budget, Scott Morrison and Malcolm Turnbull pushed tax rates up. That's right, up. They lifted the Medicare levy from 2 to 2.5 per cent, beginning in 2019. It'll net them $4 billion a year, money they said they needed to fund the National Disability Insurance Scheme.

And now they can afford a cut?

Maybe they didn't really need the extra money for the National Disability Insurance Scheme after all. And there's an extremely flimsy argument that they didn't.

The mid-year budget update, due within the fortnight, is likely to show the budget is slightly better off. Unexpectedly strong company tax revenue in the first four months of the financial year has put the budget almost $5 billion ahead of target.

Much of it flows from a better than expected run up in commodity prices, which we now know didn't last. But that wouldn't stop an optimistic forecaster or an optimistic government from acting as if it would last and handing out permanent tax cuts of up to $5 billion per year.

The most successful private sector budget forecaster is Deloitte Access Economics, whose senior staff used to prepare the official forecasts when they were in Treasury.

Deloitte says that by the end of the financial year, revenue will be only $2.7 billion ahead of the budget and only $0.9 billion ahead in the following year. It produced a ready reckoner to enable us to calculate what kind of a tax cut those boosts could buy if it was permanent, which it almost certainly will not be.

Three billion could buy a lift in the $18,200 threshold to $19,200 and a lift in the $37,000 threshold to $38,000. That's all.

One billion, a more realistic, though still inflated, guess as to how much extra the government might have long term, couldn't even buy the lift from $37,000 to $38,000. Deloitte director Chris Richardson says it would buy a small sandwich or a small milkshake.

Unless the proposed tax cut applied to hardly anyone, which is a trick they've pulled repeatedly. Lifting the $87,000 threshold by $1000 costs only $110 million per year; lifting the $180,000 threshold costs only $30 million.

It's something to keep in mind if we once again get tax cuts skewed towards the top. It mightn't be so much a case of the Coalition helping out high income mates as making a gesture it can afford.

Middle earners are about to get clobbered. The government's own figures, spelt out by the Parliamentary Budget Office, show the average tax rate faced by middle-income Australians on $40,000 to $50,000 is about to climb 3 percentage points. Within four years.

Instead of handing over 14.9 per cent of their income after low starting rates and the tax-free threshold, middle earners will find themselves handing over 18.1 per cent. Within four years. It's the result of bracket creep, and the increase in the Medicare levy. And the projected return to surplus in 2020-21 depends on it.

The only ways to deliver serious tax relief are to push out further the projected return to surplus (just as it has been pushed out repeatedly by treasurers dating back to Wayne Swan), to fund the needed tax cuts with big spending cuts (something this government and the last have been incapable of, even in non-election years), or to fund the tax cuts by lifting other taxes.

Or by hoping something comes along.

And there's the magic pudding.

Here's how Finance Minister Mathias Cormann put it in a speech to the Business Council last month:

"Something that we keep pointing out again and again, but which doesn't ever seem to be appropriately well understood by analysts or commentators, is that our budget revenue forecasts are based on an assumption imposed on our forecasting model that tax revenue as a share of GDP is not allowed to exceed 23.9 per cent."

"Future tax cuts are already reflected in our revenue forecasting methodology."

He is right. Already baked into the budget projections are tax cuts from 2022-23 when the tax share of GDP is due to hit 23.9 per cent, which is the average take in the years between the introduction of the GST and the global financial crisis.

Five years into the future though those baked in tax cuts will be, they could be delivered as income tax cuts. Except that they mostly won't be, not if the government gets its full company tax cut through the Senate.

The Parliamentary Budget Office says if that happens, the company tax cut will do most of the heavy lifting needed to keep the tax to GDP ratio at 23.9 per cent, leaving little room for cuts in personal income tax, which will "continue to rise as a per cent of GDP".

There's not likely to be a magic pudding, unless the government prioritises personal tax cuts over company tax cuts or gets hit by another mining boom.

Treat sceptically proffered income tax cuts in the months beyond Christmas. They'll be either unaffordable or alarmingly small.

 

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald
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Wednesday, December 06, 2017

Worst since 2008: Bill shock shuts wallets

Bill shock – or the fear of it – shut wallets across the country in the three months to September as alarm about rising energy prices drove people away from shops, healthcare, hotels and cafes.

Spending on almost every discretionary purchase was down in the September quarter, as spending on almost every unavoidable expense increased, led by electricity and rent. The outcome was a net increase in household final consumption of just 0.1 per cent, the weakest result since the 2008 global financial crisis.

Household saving climbed for the first time in five quarters.

"This isn't surprising given the cost of living pressures on essentials," Treasurer Scott Morrison told a Canberra press conference.

"Concerns around electricity prices were at the front of mind in the September quarter and remain there. We saw large price increases from July 1 and the Turnbull government responded."

An apparent rebound in retail spending in October gave the Treasurer grounds for cautious optimism about the December quarter.

Offsetting extraordinarily weak consumer spending in the September quarter was a 2 per cent bounce in private spending on buildings and other capital equipment and a 7 per cent surge in government capital investment. The economy grew by a weaker than expected 0.6 per cent in the quarter and 2.8 per cent through the year. GDP per capita, a measure that adjusts for population growth, climbed just 0.2 per cent.

"The news on business investment is good; the mining investment decline has nearly finished and non-mining investment is improving," said AMP chief economist Shane Oliver. "But consumer spending is being dragged down by low wages growth, slowing wealth accumulation, poor sentiment, high debt levels and rising energy costs."

"Until now consumers have dipped into savings to increase consumption. Solid gains in wealth from strong home price growth in Sydney and Melbourne have given them confidence, but it's doubtful they will want to keep running down savings as those price gains fade."

BIS Oxford chief economist Sarah Hunter said extremely weak consumer spending was a sign that many households were struggling with anemic wage growth and rising prices for essentials.

But it wasn't all bad news. Rapidly growing employment had pushed up the wage bill 1.2 per cent in the quarter, even though wage rates climbed by nowhere near as much.

Labor treasury spokesman Chris Bowen said businesses were feeling good, but households weren't.

"The lowest household consumption growth since the global financial crisis suggests that cost of living pressures and record household debt are weighing on spending habits," he said.

"This is not surprising given workers are struggling to get a decent pay rise and the Turnbull Government is cutting their penalty rates, and their debt levels are rising faster than their incomes."

Victoria was Australia's top-performing state when measured on a trend basis in order to smooth out quarterly fluctuations. Victorian state final demand climbed 1 per cent in the quarter, compared to 0.5 per cent in NSW and Queensland, 0.8 per cent in South Australia, 0.7 per cent in the Northern Territory, 0.4 per cent in the ACT and Western Australia and growth of zero in Tasmania.

 

 

Mr Morrison said much of what happened in the December quarter would depend on Christmas spending. In the new year he would be in a position to talk about tax relief.

"I would hope that Australians are feeling in a position where they can go out and celebrate this Christmas and holiday season," he said.

"I am sure their kids are hoping that they will be spending, too."

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald
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Fast-growing job-generating companies harder to find

Just 9 per cent of Australian firms generate half of all net new jobs, fifteen per cent generate two thirds of net new sales.

Until now it's been hard to identify those highly-valuable so-called high-growth firms and find out what makes them special.

Now new cutting edge research from the Department of Industry has identified them and tracked them over time, using unique identifiers created from Tax Office business activity statements and pay as you go records. Linked to Bureau of Statistics survey data they paint a picture of what makes high-growth firms and what happens to them over time.

The most-important finding in the study released on Wednesday is that the 11,000 firms are typically younger than other firms (8 years old compared to 11) and much the same size and in most of the same industry sectors as other firms. They are not overwhelmingly high tech startups.

The firms whose high growth was in turnover spent more than others on research and development. The firms whose high growth was in employment spent less on research and development. While R&D had an ambiguous effect, the effect of innovation was clearly positive.

"Firms that are innovation-active are more likely to grow their revenue and profits, and they're more productive," said Department of Industry chief economist Mark Cully. "This association stands after controlling for a range of other factors, and we were also able to test and establish that the causality runs from innovation to growth."

"Introducing a new product or a marketing innovation had the greatest impact on a firm's revenue, boosting it by 3 and 4 percentage points. For high-growth firms these numbers were greater still. A focus on innovation as a business strategy increased their revenue growth by almost 10 percentage points, all else equal."

After four or so years, most high growth firms grow more slowly. The study concludes that high-growth firms are not a specific type, but "a phase that some firms go through during their life cycle".

Its most disturbing finding is that there are fewer such firms. It defines them as firms with an annual turnover of at least $75,000 employing at least five people with average annualised growth in sales or employment of more than 20 per cent a year over three years.

It says the number and persistence of high-growth firms has deteriorated since the global financial crisis, although in the last few years it seems to be stabilising. They are also growing more slowly.

Mr Cully said said it wasn't clear whether the slower growth was caused by the slower-growing economy or was a cause of it.

"It is higher in years when the economy is growing strongly, and lower in years when growth is weaker," he said. "The proportion of high-growth firms declined between 2005 and 2014, coinciding with the trend slowdown in Australian GDP growth after the global financial crisis."

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald
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Tuesday, December 05, 2017

Sydney accounts for half Australia's growth

Sydney has become Australia's economic powerhouse, accounting for almost half of Australia's economic growth.

The extraordinary figure of 41.2 per cent is the highest since Victoria led the nation into recession in the early 1990s.

New calculations show that Sydney and Melbourne combined accounted for more than two-thirds of Australia's economic growth during 2016-17, a concentration rare on a global scale.

The capital city GDP estimates prepared by Terry Rawnsley of SGS Economics and Planning show Sydney's economy grew 3.3 per cent during 2016-17, easily surpassing Melbourne's 2.8 per cent.

The economy of regional NSW grew 1.5 per cent; the economy of regional Victoria grew 5.8 per cent.

A rough measure of living standards, GDP per capita grew 1 per cent in Sydney while slipping 0.1 per cent in Melbourne.

GDP per capita shrank 0.6 per cent in Brisbane and 4.7 per cent in Perth.

Mr Rawnsley said economic activity was gravitating to Sydney and Melbourne, even though Melbourne's living standards were slipping.

"It's getting economic refugees from Perth and Brisbane, whose living standards are slipping faster," he said. "Melbourne is more affordable than Sydney. If you want a big city with a vibrant economy but you don't want to pay Sydney prices, you go to Melbourne."

Sydney is Australia's hottest capital city economy. SGS suggests that to rein in Sydney's economy the Reserve Bank would have to push up its cash rate from 1.5 per cent to 3.5 per cent. To rein in Melbourne's it would have to push it 2.25 per cent. In Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide, the cash rate would have to be pushed down to 0.25 per cent.

 

 

Sydney and Melbourne were set to become even more dominant.

"The knowledge-intensive industries in which we are globally competitive are best located in big dense cities with good access to highly skilled labour," Mr Rawnsley said.

"Australia is unique in having a population of 25 million people and two cities of roughly 5 million each. Those cities are likely to become ever more important at the expense of the other capitals and regional centres like Bendigo and Ballarat or Orange and Wollongong."

Financial services is by far Sydney's most important industry, accounting for 15 per cent of its economy, up from, 11 per cent in 1997. The next most important is professional services at almost 10 per cent, up from 6 per cent in 1997. Construction accounted for 6 per cent of Sydney's economy in 2016-17, and manufacturing 5 per cent, putting Sydney within spitting distance of Australia's traditional manufacturing centre Melbourne, where it accounted for 5 per cent.

The official GDP figures, to be released on Wednesday, don't break down GDP by state. The Bureau of Statistics does this once a year, in November. Shortly afterwards Mr Rawnsley estimates capital city and rest-of-state GDP. Before joining SGS he calculated statewide and national GDP for the Bureau.

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald

 

Melbourne living standards slip, as manufacturing slides to record low

Melbourne is no longer Australia's manufacturing capital.

New calculations of so-called capital city GDP show Melbourne's economy growing 2.8 per cent in the past financial year, well below Sydney's 3.3 per cent.

Had manufacturing not collapsed in the wake of the closure of the Ford car plant in 2016 and the closure of Holden in October this year, Melbourne's GDP would have been 0.6 points higher, eclipsing Sydney's at 3.4 per cent.

The capital city and regional GDP estimates are prepared each year by urban economist Terry Rawnsley of SGS Economics and Planning, who used to produce the national and state estimates for the Bureau of Statistics.

Manufacturing now accounts for only 6 per cent of Melbourne's economy, down from 16 per cent in 1997, just pipping Sydney's 5 per cent.

Victorian Treasurer Tim Pallas said that statewide, manufacturing remained Victoria's third biggest employer providing 278,000 jobs across 13,000 businesses.

"More than 266,000 jobs have been created since we were elected in 2014, with around 60,000 in regional Victoria," he said. "That's more than anywhere else in the nation for that period."

Financial services is now far and away Melbourne's most important industry, accounting for 12 per cent of economic output, followed by professional services, accounting for 9 per cent. The next most important industries are healthcare and construction, each worth 7 per cent.

The biggest contributors to Melbourne's economic growth during 2016-17 were the professional, scientific and technical industries, construction and wholesale trade, and healthcare and social assistance.

Adjusted for Melbourne's extraordinarily high population growth, GDP per capita fell in 2016-17, slipping 0.1 per cent. GDP per capita is a rough measure of living standards. It has fallen in six of the past 10 years. Brisbane, Perth and regional Western Australia were the only other parts of the country in which GDP per capita went backwards.

 

"Melbourne is in transition," Mr Rawnsley said. "Car plants have been closing while professional services and healthcare are growing. The good news is that manufacturing is levelling out. Things should improve from here on."

Asked why Australians should be flocking to Melbourne when living standards were falling, Mr Rawnsley said they were falling faster in Brisbane and Perth.

"They are economic refugees, and Melbourne is a lot more affordable than Sydney," he said. "If you want a big city with a vibrant economy, but you don't want to pay Sydney prices, you come here."

"People are coming for the lifestyle and jobs, even though the income they generate is failing to match population growth."

Melbourne's economy is Australia's second-hottest after Sydney. SGS suggests that to rein in Sydney's economy the Reserve Bank would have to push up the cash rate from 1.5 per cent to 3.5 per cent. To rein in Melbourne's it would need to push it 2.25 per cent. In Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide, the cash rate would have to be pushed down to 0.25 per cent.

Regional Victoria had a bumper year, recording economic growth of 5.8 per cent. A strong wheat crop and good year for other products including cheese boosted agricultural production almost 20 per cent. Manufacturing climbed on the back of related work at Shepparton canneries.

Combined, Australia's two biggest cities now account for 42 per cent of Australia's economic output, and a near-record two thirds of Australia's economic growth.

Mr Rawnsley said Sydney and Melbourne were likely to become even more dominant.

"The knowledge-intensive industries in which we are globally competitive are best located in big dense cities with good access to highly skilled labour," he said.

"Australia is unique in having a population of 25 million people and two cities of roughly 5 million each. Those cities are likely to become ever more important at the expense of the other capitals and regional centres like Bendigo and Ballarat."

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald
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Monday, December 04, 2017

By award. 'Fair work' gives women less than men

The Fair Work Commission is itself responsible for much of the gap between male and female wages, a landmark study has found.

The typical wage gap is 18 per cent, much of it due to decisions by employers paying men and women above the minimum wage. But a substantial gap – up to 10 per cent – is due to the minimum wage itself, which varies for different occupations and years of experience.

"At first glance, one might expect the gender pay gap to be zero among minimum-wage workers, since by definition they are all being paid the minimum wage," said Barbara Broadway, one of the authors of the Melbourne Institute study, to be released on Monday.

"However, there are in fact many different minimum wages in Australia. There are currently 122 federal awards, covering a variety of industries and occupations, and with each specifying numerous different minimums depending on things like the tasks and duties of the job and the qualifications and experience of the employee.

"This, combined with the fact that men and women differ considerably in the types of jobs they do, means that it is still possible for a gender pay gap to exist among minimum-wage workers."

The examination of 37,000 records from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics survey finds that men hold 91 and 95 per cent of Australia's construction and road transport jobs respectively. Those paid the minimum typically get $22.58 and $20.43 an hour.

In contrast, women hold 79, 82 and 84 per cent of the retailing, accommodation and social services jobs. Those paid the minimum get between $15.67 and 18.27 an hour.

"Unlike market wages, the gap among minimum-wage workers cannot stem from employer discrimination, superior negotiating skills of men, or higher productivity of men, since everyone is being paid the minimum permissible rate of pay," Dr Broadway said.

"But is not immediately clear whether this job-femaleness penalty can be interpreted as discrimination.

"In principle, the job-femaleness penalty could result from the commission taking into account factors other than the required skill level, such as 'dirtiness' and 'danger'.

"However, this argument seems less compelling in a comparison of, for example, the average wage for truck drivers ($21.65) with that of hospitality workers ($15.97), where the latter group of employees would often perform physically demanding work in hot and/or loud environments."

The study concludes that the most likely explanation for the apparent discrimination is that the commission has been indirectly influenced by historical perceptions of what is "appropriate".

"Male-dominated fields might have benefited from a long history of strong unionisation that led to higher average wages – a history not shared by service jobs," the study says.

Nevertheless, it finds that the Fair Work Commission's decisions are far fairer than those made outside the commission. For jobs that require university education, the commission appears not to discriminate at all.

Some of the discrimination against women subject to Fair Work awards isn't the result of the awards themselves.

Men are more likely to be paid above the award – 87.6 per cent compared with 81.5 per cent – and the women forced to rely on it are likely to have had better education and more work experience than the men who rely on it.

"Women might be 'pushed' on to award wages, whereas comparable men are more likely to receive an individually or collectively negotiated (and higher) wage," the study says.

Awards are also structured so that wages increase faster for each year of experience in male-dominated jobs than in female-dominated jobs.

Virginia Haussegger, director of the gender equality initiative 50/50 by 2030 Foundation at Canberra University, said the figures confirmed what many women already knew.

"It shows the gender pay gap is entrenched, multi-factorial, and is not easily bridged," she said. "Fixing it involves looking beyond the numbers in awards to the weightings given to work itself."

The female penalty

Accommodation (82 per cent female): Average award wage $15.67 per hour

Retailing (79 per cent female): Average award wage $16.61 per hour

Social assistance (84 per cent female): Average award wage $18.23 per hour

Residential care (90 per cent female): Average award wage $19.82 per hour

Road transport (5 per cent female): Average award wage $20.43 per hour

Construction (9 per cent female): Average award wage $22.58 per hour

Source: Probing the Effects of the Australian System of Minimum Wages on the Gender Wage Gap, Barbara Broadway and Roger Wilkins, Melbourne Institute Working Paper, December 2017

In The Age and Sydney Morning Herald
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Saturday, December 02, 2017

The two of us: Geoff and Tim Harcourt

"Airport economist" Tim Harcourt, 52, teaches at the University of NSW alongside his dad, leading economic theorist Geoff Harcourt, 86, whose influence accounts for his politics – if not their shared profession.

GEOFF: Tim was an extraordinarily happy baby, until he was one and a half. He got measles on the boat back from the United Kingdom. I had been at Cambridge for 18 months on leave from the University of Adelaide, lecturing and refining the ideas of John Maynard Keynes. When we came back he was miserable, pining for his old home. In the UK, we'd had this little Ford Prefect. In Adelaide, whenever a Ford Prefect drove by his face just lit up. He thought he was back in Cambridge.

When he was four we all went to Japan for four months. On our return he suddenly realised he was home in Adelaide. He couldn't keep the grin off his face for a week. He is the most proudly Australian of our four children, even though he's the only one born overseas. But that insecurity has probably never gone away. He seems to be Mr Cool, Crocodile Dundee, but beneath that he is anxious.

Working at Austrade and for the trade union movement has been part of that patriotism. He has toyed with running as a Labor candidate, which isn't surprising given the meetings and rallies we have taken him to. His mother Joan, still alive, was an abortion law reformer and a Labor candidate. He featured in her campaign poster, aged three. But I don't think he should go into politics. If he wanted to I have no doubt they would take him up. He is one of the best people I know at explaining economics.

But he hates Canberra. Bill Kelty sent him there for six months in the 1990s while he was ACTU chief economist and he was miserable. He loves Sydney and his family is important to him. He has an American wife and two adopted children, one from China and the other from Taiwan. 

Tim found out my father had changed the family surname from Harkowitz to Harcourt. I knew we were Jewish, but I didn't know that. My father's parents emigrated from Transylvania and Poland in the early 1900s. My mother wanted to fit in. Only when she died did my father talk about the name to Tim. Tim took Jewishness on board, but not in a religious way. He celebrates Jewish and Christian and Buddhist festivals in keeping with his mixed family.

I don't think he wants to change the world as much as I did. He is more of a pragmatist. As Austrade's chief economist he had no real job description, so he made it up as he went along, promoting trade and economics and also promoting himself along the way. He is one of the best people I know at explaining economics.

Now at university we have coffee or lunch every day. It's like being at home.

TIM: My dad had a broken nose the day I was born, from playing cricket in Cambridge. Growing up in Adelaide, he took me to all my footy and cricket games, and took me to his. My older brother and sister missed out because of the Vietnam War. Dad was too busy with the Campaign for Peace in Vietnam. He would convene meetings at our house attended by the likes of the then South Australian Labor premier Don Dunstan and future ministers Mick Young and Neal Blewett. I'd interview them on my cassette recorder as they arrived, pretending to be Norman Gunston.

I didn't know about the danger we were in. Years later, when I was at Austrade, I got death threats after I wrote about multiculturalism and my adopted Chinese child. My dad told me to take them seriously. During the Vietnam War we had received them at all hours of the day and night. Someone tried to blow up our Holden. For a while we had police protection.

Former prime minister Bob Hawke said something about his dad that applies to my dad, that he was "kindness personified". Mine is generous, even to his enemies. He has turned several into friends. Hawke's dad was a Congregationalist minister. I reckon mine is a minister in different clothes. He could have been a rabbi.

I was shocked when I discovered our family name had been Harkowitz. My grandmother wanted to assimilate, so she sent my dad to Wesley College in Melbourne, run by Methodists. It's where he developed his love of sport. He used to say that if you played football, they thought you were only "half a Yid". He called himself the only Methodist Jew in Adelaide.

He used to help out the South Australian Trades and Labor Council in wage cases. I would go as a schoolboy and sit in the courtroom. I decided then and there that I wanted to work for the Council of Trades Unions. That's why I studied economics, not because of Dad. I went to see the president of the ACTU, Cliff Dolan, at 15. He said to work there you needed a trade or a degree in economics or law, and he said they had plenty of lawyers, so economics might be the better bet.

At university, I didn't learn much about Dad's contribution. He helped develop what is known as post-Keynesian economics. It was only in the later years when they taught me about Keynes and the work of my dad that economics made sense. It had been like learning the New Testament without the Old.

The job offer from the University of NSW came out of the blue in 2011. They wanted someone who could popularise economics, which I'd done in The Airport Economist. I am the J.W. Nevile Fellow in Economics. John Nevile is one of my dad's closest colleagues. When he visits, he uses the same office as Dad, just down the corridor. For 28 years I saw Dad nearly every day, then not as much. Now, I'm blessed to get to see him whenever I'm at work in Sydney. 

In The Good Weekend
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